UNDERSTANDING
ETHICS
According
to James J. Spillane SJ argues that ethics or ethics attention and consider
human behavior in moral decision making. According O.P. Simorangkir, ethics or
ethics is a human view of behaving according to size and good value.
Based
on Big Indonesian Dictionary (1995), the notion of ethics is as follows:
1.
Ethics is the science of what is good
and bad as well as the rights and obligations of morality (morality);
2.
Moral means
·
The doctrine of what is good and bad
largely accepted the actions, attitudes, obligations, morals, manners, wanton;
·
Mental condition that makes people still
brave, spirited, passionate, disciplined, hearts or emotional state.
When
viewed from the origin of the word, ethics is taken from the Greek “ethos”
which means customs/habits. Ethics is also known as moral philosophy, which is
the branch of philosophy that speaks of human action. Ethics does not question
the state of human beings, but ethics is more directed to how people should
act.
Talking
about ethics is not can we separate the norm, as the opinion by Maryani &
Ludigdo (2001) “Ethics is a set of rules or norms or guidelines that govern
human behavior, whether that should be done or should be abandoned is embraced
by a group or class of people or profession”.
Human
behavior is determined by a variety of norms. The norm is subdivided into legal
norms, religious norms, moral norms, and norms of courtesy.
- Legal norms derived from the laws and legislation.
- Religious norms derived froms religion.
- Moral norms derived from the inner voice.
- Norma manners come from everyday life while moral norms derived from ethics.
PRINCIPLES
OF ETHICS
In
the history of human civilization since the fourth century BC thinkers have
tried to define the various shades of ethical foundation to guide social life.
Thinkers have identified at least there are hundreds of ideas the great (great
ideas). The whole idea or the grand idea can be summarized into six principles
that are an important cornerstone of ethics, namely beauty, equality, goodness,
justice, freedom, and truth.
· The principle of beauty, this principle
underlies everything that includes the enjoyment of pleasure to beauty. Based
on this principle, people pay attention to the values of beauty and want to
show something wonderful in his behavior. For example in dress, spatial
planing, and so making it more eager to work.
· Equation principle, every human being by
nature have rights and responsibilities are the same, so it appears the demand
to equality between men and women, racial equality and equality in various
other fields. This principles underlies behavior that does not discriminate on
any basis.
·
Principle of Goddness, this principle
underlies the behavior of individuals to always seek to do good in their
interaction with their environment. This principle is usually respect of human
values such as respect – respect, compassion, helping others, and so forth.
Humans by nature always want to do good, because by doing good he will be
accepted by the environment. Governance and service provided to the public in
fact aims to create the good of society.
·
Principle of Justice, understanding
justice is fixed and eternal willingness to give everyone what they should get.
Therefore, this principle underlies a person to act in a fair and proportionate
and do not take anything into the rights of others.
·
Principle of Freedom, freedom can be
interpreted as the freedom of individuals to act or not act according to his
own choice. In the principle of life and human rights, every human being has
the right to do things according to his own will does not damage or interfere
with the rights of others. Therefore, every freedom should be accompanied by
responsibility so that people do not take action arbitrarily to others. For
that individual freedom here interpreted as:
·
The principle of high moral integrity,
the personal commitment of keeping the nobility of the profession.
LINE
THEORY OF ETHICS
a.
Deontology theory
Deontology
comes from the Greek, meaning deon obligations. Namely the human obligation to
always act well. An action is said to be good and moral as that action be taken
by the obligations that must be implemented not on purpose or effect of such
action.
b.
The theory of teleology
In
this theory, the actions good or bad man is measured by objected would be
achieved by the action, or an action is judged good or immoral if that causes
it good or useful. The problems include the theory about how to judge a good
result or goal of an action and for whom such action. Therefore, this
teleological theory led to new theories such as egoism and utilitarianism.
c.
Rights theory
The
theory of this right is the approach most often used to evaluate the merits of
an act or behavior. Theory of rights is an aspect of the theory of deontology,
as it relates to liability. Rights and obligations are like two sides of the
same coin and can not be separated.
d.
Virtue Theory (Virtue)
Looking
at a person’s attitude or character. Do not ask whether a particular act is
fair or honest, or generous and so forth. The virtues can be defined as
follows: disposition of character that has been acquired person and allows him
to behave morally.
EGOISM
The
word selfishness is a term derived from the Latin word ego, which is derived
from the ancient Greek word is still used in modern Greek language, which means
self or I, and said ism, is used to demonstrate its belief system.
Egoism
is the way to maintain and improve a favorable view for himself, and generally
have an opinion to improve one’s personal image and the importance of
intellectual, physical, social and others. This egoism does not see a concern
for others and helping people in general and think only about themselves
Selfishness
is the core view of the actions of each person is essentially to pursue
personal interests and promote himself. Aristoteles argues that the purpose of
life and every human action is to pursue happiness. Egoism is moral and
ethical, happiness and personal interest in the form of life, rights, and
security considered morally good and deserve to be pursued and maintained.
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